Earthquake-Resistant Design and Retrofitting

1,Base Isolation Systems Introduces isolators (like lead rubber bearings) between the foundation and superstructure to reduce seismic force transmission. 2. Energy Dissipation Devices (Dampers) Viscous, friction, and metallic dampers are installed to absorb and dissipate earthquake energy, reducing the demand on structural elements. 3. Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Wrapping High-strength composite materials used to wrap columns, beams, and joints, increasing strength and ductility with minimal added weight. 4. Steel Jacketing / Concrete Jacketing Enhancing structural members by adding steel or concrete encasements, commonly used in columns and beams to improve confinement. 5. Seismic Bracing Systems Incorporating Buckling Restrained Braces (BRBs) or diagonal steel braces to resist lateral loads and control drift.

1. Soil Improvement Techniques Methods like grouting, stone columns, or deep soil mixing to stabilize and strengthen foundations in liquefaction-prone areas. Addition of Shear Walls or Core Walls Introducing reinforced concrete walls to improve lateral stiffness and load distribution. 2. Post-Tensioning Techniques Applying tension to existing members (especially slabs and beams) to improve flexural capacity and crack control.